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Muskegon Mona Shores' Kevin White Jr. (15) breaks past a pair of Traverse City Central defenders during his team's 49-42 win in Division 2.

1st & Goal: 2026 Playoffs Week 1 Review

By Geoff Kimmerly
MHSAA.com senior editor

November 2, 2026

This time of year sees a lot of dates thrown around as football teams start eagerly awaited championship drives with their first playoff appearances since that one year, their first postseason wins since the last time, and on and on. 

MI Student AidWe’ve got plenty more to toss into the mix coming out of the first rounds of our 2026 tournament.

Upsets were few this time around, but history was in the making for many, and we glance at several of those below. 

11-Player Division 1

HEADLINER Grandville 38, Howell 30 This easily was the biggest stunner in the state, regardless of division, as Howell entered the playoffs one of seven 9-0 teams in Division 1 and with the highest playoff-point average in any division. This was Grandville’s first victory over a team that finished the regular season with a winning record, and the Bulldogs (5-5) advanced to their fifth District Final over the last seven years. Click for more from the Detroit News. 

District Digest Rochester 22, Macomb Dakota 21 A 2-point conversion during the final seconds pushed Rochester (7-3) into a District Final for the first time since 2022 and ended Dakota’s season at 5-5 and short of the District Finals for the first time since 2020. Portage Central 21, Hudsonville 14 The Mustangs (9-1) opened the playoffs with another impressive defensive performance, their seventh allowing 14 points or fewer and also Hudsonville’s second-lowest scoring total this season in finishing 6-4. Oxford 42, Davison 28 The Wildcats (8-2) will play in a District Final for the second time in three seasons after also defeating Davison (7-3) to advance two years ago. 

11-Player Division 2

HEADLINER Midland Dow 41, Walled Lake Western 20 The Dow defense provided one of its best performances of another solid season’s worth, holding Western to its fewest points since Week 4. The Chargers also have hit their stride offensively and reached 40 points for the fourth time in five weeks. Click for more from Midland Daily News. 

District Digest Livonia Franklin 35, Allen Park 28 Franklin (8-2) pulled a repeat of 2024, downing Allen Park (7-3) by seven points to advance to a District Final against Gibraltar Carlson. North Farmington 27, Ferndale 26 The Raiders (7-3) earned their first playoff win since 2020 and ended Ferndale’s winningest season since 2018 at 7-3. Portage Northern 51, Traverse City West 43 Northern (6-4) earned its first postseason victory since 2022, reaching 50 points for the second time this season to end this one for Saginaw Valley League North co-champion West (6-4). 

11-Player Division 3

HEADLINER Battle Creek Central 41, Battle Creek Harper Creek 38 Battle Creek Central’s history against Harper Creek this century isn’t strong, but the Bearcats won’t forget this win over the Beavers (6-4). In the first matchup of the neighbors since 2024, Central (6-4) emerged with its first playoff victory since 2018. Click for more from the Battle Creek Enquirer. 

District Digest Redford Thurston 29, Linden 14 Thurston (9-1) earned its first playoff victory since 2019 to go with its outright Western Wayne Athletic Conference championship and now winningest season since 2011 – with an opportunity this week to get to 10 wins for the first time. Cadillac 31, Marquette 19 Cadillac (8-2) avenged a six-point Week 4 loss to Marquette that ended up deciding the Big North Conference title for the Sentinels (6-4). Middleville Thornapple Kellogg 42, Coldwater 34 The Trojans (7-3) won their playoff opener for the second year in a row, ending the fall for a Coldwater team (6-4) that was making its second-straight postseason appearance.

11-Player Division 4

HEADLINER Portland 22, Paw Paw 13 The Raiders (10-0) reached 10 wins for the sixth-straight season, emerging from what was a two-point game during the fourth quarter to hand Paw Paw (8-2) just its second loss. Portland moves on to take on another Wolverine Conference team, champion Edwardsburg, this week. Click for more from WILX.

District Digest Ludington 19, Fruitport 15 The Orioles (8-2) bounced back from a Week 9 loss to earn their first playoff win since 2020. Fruitport finished 7-3, all three defeats by six points or fewer. Stevensville Lakeshore 49, Hastings 44 Lakeshore (9-1) reached nine victories for the first time since 2017 with Kaden Griffiths running for 227 yards and four touchdowns to lead the offense as it matched the high-scoring Saxons (7-3). Macomb Lutheran North 36, Detroit East English 22 The Mustangs (9-1) are headed to a District Final for the third time in four seasons, but East English (7-3) has much to celebrate as well after concluding its winningest season since 2017. 

11-Player Division 5

HEADLINER Hopkins 22, Kalamazoo United 21 Hopkins avenged last season’s District-opening loss to the Titans and in doing so handed United (9-1) its only defeat this season. The victory also was Hopkins’ first in the postseason since 2019 and improved the Vikings to 9-1 this fall. Click for more from the Kalamazoo Gazette. 

District Digest Berrien Springs 34, Lake Odessa Lakewood 28 (OT) The Shamrocks (9-1) bounced back from a Week 9 loss to hit the road and earn a sixth-straight trip to the District Finals, in doing so ending Lakewood’s most successful season since 2017 at 8-2. Romulus Summit Academy North 34, Ann Arbor Father Gabriel Richard 27 Summit (7-3) will play for a District title for the fourth time in five years after holding off the Fighting Irish (5-5). Remus Chippewa Hills 42, Muskegon Orchard View 21 Chippewa Hills reached 40 points for the third-straight week in claiming its first playoff victory since 2016. Orchard View, making its first playoff appearance this decade, finished 7-3. 

11-Player Division 6

HEADLINER Montrose 45, Durand 42 Montrose (8-2) had doubled up Durand 44-22 in Week 6 on the way to winning the Mid-Michigan Activities Conference title but had to hold on this time to keep its season alive as the Railroaders (6-4) cut the margin substantially before a final drive came up short. Click for more from the Flint Journal. 

District Digest Gladwin 40, Harbor Springs 19 Gladwin (6-4) won a matchup of league champions to earn a District Final rematch with Sanford Meridian, which downed the Flying Gs in Week 8. Harbor Springs ended 8-2, tying its winningest campaign since 1999. Midland Bullock Creek 13, Algonac 8 Bullock Creek (6-4) returned to the playoffs for the first time since 2023 and advanced with its sixth win this season holding an opponent to single digits. Algonac finished 6-4, its best since 2017. Marine City 86, New Haven 40 These two combined to tie for the 16th-most points scored in a game by two 11-player teams where the losing team scored at least 40. New Haven finished 6-4, its most successful run since 2006, while Marine City (10-0) reached double-digit wins for the second time in three years.

11-Player Division 7

HEADLINER Jonesville 36, Hanover-Horton 22 Jonesville finished only fourth in the Cascades Conference South this season, losing to overall Cascades champion Hanover-Horton (7-3) 32-14 in Week 6. But Jonesville (6-4) certainly won’t forget the rematch as it defeated Hanover-Horton to reach a District Final for the first time since 2020. Click for more from the Jackson Citizen Patriot. 

District Digest Elkton-Pigeon-Bay Port Laker 46, Burton Bendle 22 Laker (8-2) ran its winning streak to seven games in handing the lone loss this season to Bendle, which ended 9-1 with its first perfect regular season since 1997. Ravenna 54, Cassopolis 12 Ravenna’s first playoff win since 2022 was arguably its most impressive victory of this fall as the Bulldogs (8-2) tied their high in scoring and shut down a Rangers offense that had topped 45 points seven times during an 8-1 regular season. Harrison 60, McBain 52 These two also made the record book for combined points in one game, with Harrison (8-2) building on its 58 from Week 9 and McBain (7-3) reaching 50 for the fourth time in five weeks despite the loss. 

Saginaw Michigan Lutheran Seminary quarterback Zach Scharrer (4) looks for an open receiver during the second quarter of his team's 31-8 win over Mount Pleasant Sacred Heart in Division 8 on Saturday.

11-Player Division 8

HEADLINER East Jordan 42, Iron Mountain 35 East Jordan held on to earn its fourth District Final trip over the last five seasons. Both offenses gave the opposing defenses arguably their toughest tests this fall, East Jordan’s 42 points the most Iron Mountain (7-3) had given and the Mountaineers’ 35 points one shy of tying the most surrendered by the Red Devils (8-2). Click for more from Upper Michigan’s Source.

District Digest Fowler 43, Manchester 16 The Eagles (7-3) had lost three of their last four games but found their stride to defeat Cascades Conference North co-champ Manchester (7-3). Southfield Bradford Academy 34, Burton Atherton 14 Bradford (7-3) reached seven wins for the first time since 2016, also earning its first playoff win since a decade ago while ending Atherton’s season at 6-4. Unionville-Sebewaing 36, Saginaw Nouvel Catholic Central 22 USA (8-2) has reached eight wins for the first time since 2016 and will play Ubly a second time after winning the first matchup in Week 6. Nouvel came back from a 1-2 start to finish 5-5.

8-Player Division 1

HEADLINER Colon 33, Bridgman 20 Colon (9-1) made its return to the playoffs count, as the Magi impressively held off Bridgman in their first postseason appearance since 2022. Bridgman (8-2) hadn’t scored fewer than 28 points this season, and the 20 actually tied the high-scoring Bees’ fewest since Week 3 of 2023. Click for more from the Sturgis Journal.

Regional Roundup Dryden 60, Kingston 16 The Cardinals’ magnificent run now includes its first playoff appearance and postseason win since 2008 as Dryden (10-0) also reached double-digit wins for the first time since that fall. Ishpeming 36, Rudyard 14 The Hematites (8-2) also returned to the playoffs with a solid win after missing the postseason a year ago, ending Rudyard’s run at 7-3. Climax-Scotts 49, Concord 40 Climax-Scotts (8-2) ended Concord’s first playoff trip this decade in another of the weekend’s highest-scoring matchups. 

8-Player Division 2

HEADLINER Grand Rapids Sacred Heart 50, Marion 30 The Falcons (9-1) earned the first playoff win of their three-year football history, and it was a big one as Marion (9-1) was undefeated and had given up only 86 points over eight games all season. Sacred Heart’s offense has been that impressive most of the fall, with this its sixth-straight game scoring at least 49 points. Click for more from the Cadillac News.

Regional Report Lake Linden-Hubbell 44, Powers North Central 25 Lake Linden-Hubbell (10-0) has reached double-digit wins for the first time since 2016 thanks to defeating North Central (7-3) by an almost identical score as when they first faced off in Week 5. Marcellus 50, Litchfield 36 The Wildcats (7-3) earned their first playoff victory since 2020 while ending Litchfield’s first playoff season since 2011 at 8-2. Gaylord St. Mary 55, St. Ignace 6 Few teams have impressed defensively as substantially as the Snowbirds (10-0), who didn’t give up a point this fall until Week 7 and have allowed only 20 total, this time stopping a Saints offense that had reached 60 four times during an 8-1 regular season. 

MHSAA.com's weekly “1st & Goal” previews and reviews are powered by MI Student Aid, a division within the Department of Lifelong Education, Advancement, and Potential (MiLEAP). MI Student Aid encourages students to pursue postsecondary education by providing access to student financial resources and information. MI Student Aid administers the state’s scholarship and grant programs that help make college Accessible, Affordable and Attainable for you. Click to connect with MI Student Aid and find more information on Facebook and Twitter @mistudentaid.

PHOTOS (Top) Muskegon Mona Shores' Kevin White Jr. (15) breaks past a pair of Traverse City Central defenders during his team's 49-42 win in Division 2. (Middle) Saginaw Michigan Lutheran Seminary quarterback Zach Scharrer (4) looks for an open receiver during the second quarter of his team's 31-8 win over Mount Pleasant Sacred Heart in Division 8 on Saturday. (Mona Shores/TC Central photo by Tim Reilly. MLS photo by Kolleth Photography.) 
 

Grand Blanc/Davison football

1st & Goal: 2021 Week 4 in Review

By Geoff Kimmerly
MHSAA.com senior editor

September 20, 2021

With every varsity team getting at most nine regular-season games, every week of the high school football season has the potential to shift landscapes locally and sometimes statewide.

MI Student AidWeek 4 saw its share of movement with league races taking some early shape and playoff talk already beginning as programs work to get a read on how their early work fits into the now fully-implemented “enhanced strength-of-schedule” system.

We’ll discuss that more as we preview our Week 5 top matchups – below take a look at many of the results from this weekend that have the state talking as we approach the midway point.

Bay & Thumb

HEADLINER Grand Blanc 43, Davison 7 The Bobcats broke free after three single-score wins over strong opponents with a victory that may prove the most memorable of all this regular season, as they ended Davison’s four-game winning streak in this rivalry. Grand Blanc (4-0) joined the Cardinals in the Saginaw Valley League Red in 2018 and had lost the last three league meetings against them by an average of 36 points per defeat. Davison (1-3), last season’s Division 1 runner-up, also has played one of the state’s toughest opening slates. Click for more from the Flint Journal.

Watch list Freeland 43, Essexville Garber 14 The Dukes’ defense has been a strong point the last two seasons and first three games of this one as they’d given up 22 points total during a 3-0 start. But Freeland’s offense after four games – and four wins – is more than halfway to equaling last season’s scoring across 11 games.

Remember this one Ubly 50, Harbor Beach 33 The Pirates (2-2) had won five of the last six in this series including twice during the playoffs and 16-14 to open the 2020 regular season. But Ubly (4-0) broke 50 points for the second straight week and is one of two teams sitting atop the Greater Thumb Conference East.

More shoutouts Millington 21, Standish-Sterling 8 The Cardinals (4-0) handed Standish-Sterling (3-1) its first defeat and can become the only undefeated team left in Tri-Valley Conference West I play when they take on Carrollton this week. Montrose 35, Chesaning 0 The Rams (3-1) are a one-point loss from a perfect start and ended Chesaning’s with their second shutout of the season.

Greater Detroit

HEADLINER Warren De La Salle Collegiate 21, Bloomfield Hills Brother Rice 16 The reigning Division 2 runner-up Pilots (3-0) scored all of their points during a mid-first half surge and held the Warriors’ offense scoreless during the second (two points came on a safety) to take an important first step in the Detroit Catholic League Central race. Brother Rice (3-1) hadn’t given up a point since the season opener and had defeated De La Salle the last two seasons. Click for more from the Detroit Free Press.

Watch list Macomb Dakota 27, Clinton Township Chippewa Valley 23 With this one of the state’s best rivalries, and both coming off close Week 3 wins, this shouldn’t have been entirely stunning. But with the Big Reds 3-0 coming in, it still could represent a nice turning point for the Cougars (2-2) – and a possible reset on the Macomb Area Conference Red race with undefeated Romeo having defeated Dakota and seeing Chippewa Valley next.

Remember this one Armada 24, Richmond 10 Four teams have won at least one Blue Water Area Conference championship over the last five seasons, and Armada (4-0) is making a strong bid to be the fifth in six years after adding a nice win over the annually-contending Blue Devils (3-1) to their six-point victory over reigning league champ North Branch in Week 3.

More shoutouts Oak Park 30, North Farmington 24 The Knights’ first four opponents are a combined 14-2, and Oak Park (1-3) fell twice by five or fewer points during the first two weeks before getting on the better side of a close one in handing North Farmington (3-1) its first defeat. South Lyon 31, Detroit Country Day 7 The Lions are 4-0 to start for the third time in four seasons and after scoring the most points reigning Division 4 champion Country Day has given up since it also appeared in the 2019 Division 4 title game.

Mid-Michigan

HEADLINER Haslett 21, Mason 8 After opening with an eight-point loss to Jackson, Haslett (3-1) has won three straight – eclipsing its win totals of the last two seasons – to pull into first place alone in the Capital Area Activities Conference Red. The Vikings led 21-0 into the fourth quarter and all but stopped an offense that was averaging 35 points per game entering the weekend. Reigning league champ Mason (2-2) had opened the league schedule in Week 3 with a win over Williamston and joined the Hornets among four teams now a game back in the standings. Click for more from the Lansing State Journal

Watch list Mount Pleasant 33, Midland Dow 10 The Oilers (4-0) had opened with three wins over opponents with a combined one victory now through Week 4, but beating Dow (2-2) solidly reinforced Mount Pleasant’s playoff-point status as the top-ranked team in Division 3.

Remember this one East Lansing 20, Portage Central 15 Mason Woods’ 63-yard touchdown catch from Brevin Jackson with 2:21 to play helped the Trojans (2-2) get back to .500 after a start against opponents a combined 11-5 so far.

More shoutouts Beal City 48, Lake City 8 The Aggies (3-1) are a one-point Week 1 loss from a perfect start and will play Evart this week with the Highland Conference title potentially on the line after shutting down the Trojans (3-1). Stockbridge 68, Pontiac 40 Jeremy Pilch scored nine touchdowns – tying for fourth-most in MHSAA history – and a total of 64 points, which is tied for third-most in that category.

Northern Lower Peninsula

HEADLINER Traverse City Central 42, Traverse City West 14 The Trojans extended their winning streak against the rival Titans to three and moved into first place alone in a Big North Conference that features four of six teams at 3-1 overall – including both Central and West. The Trojans ran out to a quick lead this time and then ran away during a second-half surge. Click for more from the Traverse City Record-Eagle.

Watch list Big Rapids 25, Central Montcalm 21 After opening with a loss to Coopersville, Big Rapids has won three straight to tie for the early lead in the Central State Activities Association Gold – while handing Central Montcalm (3-1) its lone defeat.

Remember this one Mancelona 66, Johannesburg-Lewiston 42 While the Cardinals (0-4) are admittedly off to a rare slow start, Mancelona (4-0) brought a high-scoring end to a seven-game losing streak against them.

More shoutouts Gaylord 10, Petoskey 7 The Blue Devils (2-2) avenged last season’s 22-14 loss, in the process handing the Northmen (3-1) their lone defeat. Frankfort 22, Oscoda 14 Playing a rare back-to-back series, the Panthers (3-1) finished a two-week sweep of the Owls (1-2), this one ending a bit closer than the Week 3 32-16 win.

Southeast & Border

HEADLINER Addison 36, Michigan Center 35 These Cascades Conference contenders never separated from each other by more than seven points, with Addison adding the winning score with 3:12 to play. While the Panthers (4-0) gave up as many points as they had over their first three games, they did hold Michigan Center (3-1) to a season low while scoring the first points the Cardinals had given up this fall. Addison’s Week 8 opponent is the only other team that has yet to lose a Cascades game. Click for more from the Jackson Citizen Patriot.

Watch list Union City 26, Reading 20 (OT) The Chargers (2-2) bounced right back from a Week 3 loss to Jonesville, handing Reading (3-1) only its second Big 8 Conference loss over the last five seasons.

Remember this one Monroe St. Mary Catholic Central 21, Milan 15 The Big Reds (3-1) had won three straight of St. Mary (although the two Huron League rivals didn’t play each other last season). But the Falcons ended that streak and put themselves in position to take a commanding advantage in the league title race this week against reigning champ Riverview.

More shoutouts Ida 26, Clinton 20 The Bluestreaks (3-1) are in position to contend for the Lenawee County Athletic Association title after edging the reigning Division 6 runner-up and with early league co-leader Hudson next up. Ann Arbor Huron 31, Temperance Bedford 30 The River Rats (3-1) equaled last season’s win total and set themselves up for their best finish in more than a decade by holding off a late Bedford comeback attempt.

Southwest Corridor

HEADLINER Portage Northern 35, Stevensville Lakeshore 28 Coming off a 2020 District Final run, Portage Northern (1-3)  didn’t find its footing early this fall against three opponents who have made some early noise in the Southwestern Michigan Athletic Conference. But the Huskies may have turned the corner in a big way handing Lakeshore (3-1) its first loss – while also running their winning streak over the Lancers to four as well. Click for more from the Kalamazoo Gazette.

Watch list Lawton 52, Allegan 7 The Blue Devils (4-0)  gave up their first points of the season and continued their streak of breaking 50 points every game this fall.

Remember this one Battle Creek Lakeview 31, Battle Creek Central 18 The Spartans (3-1) extended their winning streak in this rivalry series to three, bouncing back from a Week 3 loss to River Rouge to keep pace tied atop the SMAC.

More shoutouts Parchment 50, Saugatuck 43 Since opening with a loss to Lawton the Panthers (3-1) have equaled last season’s win total, with their next victory guaranteeing their best record since 2017. Plainwell 33, Richland Gull Lake 14 Much of the attention in the Wolverine Conference is being paid to powerful Edwardsburg, but Plainwell (4-0) will roll into this week’s matchup with the Eddies with its best start since 2013.

Upper Peninsula

HEADLINER Houghton 21, Bark River-Harris 20 The Gremlins (3-1) are on a roll since falling to Ishpeming Westwood in their season opener, with this win giving them one more than either last season or 2019. Similar to last season, this came down to the final minutes – a year ago Houghton won 3-0 on a fourth-quarter field goal, and this time the go-ahead points against the Broncos (3-1) came on late touchdown catch. Click for more from the Houghton Daily Mining Gazette.

Watch list Marquette 55, Kingsford 34 Halfway through the Greater Northern Conference schedule, Marquette (3-1) has two 50-point scoring performances and two double-digit wins – this one handing Kingsford (3-1) its first loss.

Remember this one Gladstone 30, Escanaba 15 The Braves (2-2) came back from a one-point loss to Menominee in Week 3 to defeat Escanaba (1-3) for the first time since 2010.

More shoutouts Sault Ste. Marie 49, Cheboygan 21 The Blue Devils (3-1) rebounded from their first loss with their highest points total of the season. Ishpeming Westwood 42, Ishpeming 0 The Patriots (3-1) posted a second-straight shutout of the rival Hematites (1-2), also in bouncing back from a Week 3 defeat.

West Michigan

HEADLINER Montague 33, Muskegon Oakridge 7 The Wildcats have outscored their three West Michigan Conference opponents by a combined 103-7 and have themselves in position to repeat as league champions with a second-straight big win over the rival Eagles (3-1). Two of Montague’s final three league foes are also 3-1 overall, but the Wildcats have at least a game on both in the league standings. Click for more from FOX 17.

Watch list Muskegon Heights Academy 34, Manistee 28 The Tigers didn’t play last season and before that had lost 21 of their last 22. But they’re off to a 4-0 start and have guaranteed their best finish since at least 2011.

Remember this one Rockford 53, Grandville 46 (2OT) Pay little attention to Grandville’s 1-3 record – the Bulldogs have played two of the three early frontrunners in the Ottawa-Kent Conference Red. This matchup is almost always memorable, and Rockford (4-0) made it six wins over their last eight meetings including three of those decided by one score.

More shoutouts Muskegon Mona Shores 47, Zeeland West 12 Over the last two weeks Muskegon High and then Mona Shores (3-1) have whittled the O-K Green race down a bit with back-to-back wins over West (1-2), and the Sailors get another contender in Zeeland East next. Byron Center 28, East Grand Rapids 20 The Bulldogs (4-0) avenged last season’s 12-8 Week 9 loss to the Pioneers (1-3) that cost them an outright O-K White championship.

8-Player

HEADLINER Bridgman 45, Mendon 0 The Bees (4-0) are now 19-2 since moving to 8-player in 2019, but this might be their most notable win since making the switch. Mendon (3-1) had entered averaging 63 points per game, but Bridgman earned its second-straight shutout of the fall while seeing its scoring average fall to only 53 points per contest. Click for more from the St. Joseph Herald-Palladium.

Watch list Morrice 59, Lawrence 6 The Orioles (4-0) appear to be building toward another special season now having scored at least 58 points in every game and giving up no more than six in any of them – and the Tigers (3-1) had scored 60+ the previous two weeks. Circle Morrice’s Week 9 matchup with Deckerville as potentially the biggest 8-player game of the regular season.

Remember this one Marion 44, Mesick 29 If Marion (4-0) eventually wins the West Michigan D League title, this could be the decider as it sent 2019 champion Mesick into second place and one game back. (No league title was awarded in 2020.)

More shoutouts Adrian Lenawee Christian 56, Athens 0 The Cougars moved to 15-0 since moving to 8-player last season, this time handing Athens (3-1) its lone defeat. Eau Claire 30, Wyoming Tri-unity Christian 26 The Beavers (2-2) have set themselves up to make a run at their best record in at least seven years, especially notable coming back from a stretch that saw them win only two games total from 2015-19.

Second Half’s weekly “1st & Goal” previews and reviews are powered by MI Student Aid, a part of the Office of Postsecondary Financial Planning located within the Michigan Department of Treasury. MI Student Aid encourages students to pursue postsecondary education by providing access to student financial resources and information. MI Student Aid administers the state’s 529 college savings programs (MET/MESP), as well as scholarship and grant programs that help make college Accessible, Affordable and Attainable for you. Connect with MI Student Aid at www.michigan.gov/mistudentaid and find more information on Facebook and Twitter @mistudentaid.

PHOTO: A swarm of Grand Blanc defenders bring a Davison ball carrier to the ground Friday. (Photo by Terry Lyons.)