New Math: Division & Multiplication Problems
July 25, 2017
By Jack Roberts
MHSAA Executive Director
This is the second part in a series on MHSAA tournament classification, past and present, that will be published over the next two weeks. This series originally ran in this spring's edition of MHSAA benchmarks.
High school tournament classifications went viral before there was social media and most of us knew what “viral” meant.
Much as a virus infects computers today or has created epidemics of disease around the world for centuries, high school tournament classification – once introduced – tends to spread uncontrollably. Once started, it tends to keep expanding and rarely contracts.
While we are still some distance from providing every team a trophy as a result of expanding high school tournament classification across the country, there is criticism nevertheless that we are headed in that direction – a philosophy which is supposed to exist only in local youth sports for our youngest children.
Michigan could be blamed for all this. Michigan is generally accepted as the first state to provide different classifications for season-ending tournaments for different sized schools. It started a century ago. Today, every state has various classifications for its tournaments in most if not all sports. And it is a bit ironic that Michigan – creator of the classification chaos – more than most other states has kept the number of tournament classes or divisions under control.
Yes, there is evidence that tournament classifications have expanded over the years in Michigan, especially with the relatively recent introduction of tournaments in football and the late 1990s’ move from classes to divisions in most MHSAA tournaments. But the MHSAA Representative Council has held true to its word when it expanded the playoffs for football from four classes to eight divisions: this is needed because of unique factors of football, factors that exist in no other sport; and all other sports should be capped at a maximum of four classes or divisions.
Kentucky is the preeminent defender of single-class basketball. All of its 276 high schools compete for the single state championship for each gender. In Indiana, there are still open wounds from its move in 1998 from one to four classes for its 400 schools in basketball.
Multi-class tournaments have tended to increase the number of non-public school champions, which some states are trying to lower through enrollment “multipliers,” and also tend to increase the number of repeat champions, which some states are trying to affect with “success factors” which lift smaller schools into classifications for larger schools if they take home too many trophies.
While there is considerable evidence that state tournaments do as much bad as good for educational athletics, state associations persist in providing postseason tournaments because, on balance, the experiences are supposed to be good for student-athletes. And once we reach that conclusion it is just a small leap to believe that if the tournaments are good for a few, they must be better for more – which leads to creating more and more tournament classifications. One becomes two classes, then three, then four and so forth.
While the argument is that more classifications or divisions provides more students with opportunities to compete and win, it is undeniable that the experience changes as the number of tournament classifications expands. It is not possible for state associations to provide the same level of support when tournament classifications expand to multiple venues playing simultaneously. For example, there is less audio and video broadcast potential at each venue, and less media coverage to each venue. Focus is diluted and fans diminished at each championship.
No one can argue reasonably that today's two-day MHSAA Football Finals of eight championship games has the same pizazz as the one-day, four-games event conducted prior to 1990.
In some states the number of divisions has grown so much that it is difficult to see much difference between the many season-ending state championship games and a regular-season event in the same sport.
It is a balancing act. And Michigan has been studying that balance longer than any other state, and charting a steadier course than most.
Addition by Division
The shift to Divisions for MHSAA Tournament play in numerous sports has added up to a greater number of champions for teams and individuals across the state. Following are the sports currently employing a divisional format, and the procedures for determining enrollment and classification.
In 23 statewide or Lower Peninsula tournaments, schools which sponsor the sport are currently divided into nearly equal divisions. They are:
- Baseball - 4 Divisions
- Boys Bowling - 4 Divisions
- Girls Bowling - 4 Divisions
- Girls Competitive Cheer - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Cross Country - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Cross Country - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Golf - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Golf - 4 Divisions
- Ice Hockey - 3 Divisions
- Boys Lacrosse - 2 Divisions
- Girls Lacrosse - 2 Divisions
- Boys Skiing - 2 Divisions
- Girls Skiing - 2 Divisions
- LP Boys Soccer - 4 Divisions LP
- Girls Soccer - 4 Divisions
- Girls Softball - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Swimming & Diving - 3 Divisions
- LP Girls Swimming & Diving - 3 Divisions
- LP Boys Tennis - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Tennis - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Track & Field - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Track & Field - 4 Divisions
- Wrestling - 4 Divisions
Lists of schools for each division of these 23 tournaments are posted on MHSAA.com approximately April 1. Listings of schools in Upper Peninsula tournaments for their sports are also posted on MHSAA.com. The lists are based on school memberships and sports sponsorships in effect or anticipated for the following school year, as known to the MHSAA office as of a date in early March.
In football, the 256 schools which qualify for MHSAA 11-player playoffs are placed in eight equal divisions annually on Selection Sunday. Beginning in 2017, the 8-player divisions will be determined in a like manner on Selection Sunday as well, with 32 qualifying schools placed in two divisions.
Schools have the option to play in any higher division in one or more sports for a minimum of two years.
The deadlines for "opt-ups" are as follows:
- Applications for fall sports must be submitted by April 15
- Applications for winter sports must be submitted by Aug. 15
- Applications for spring sports must be submitted by Oct. 15
Subsequent to the date of these postings for these tournaments, no school will have its division raised or lowered by schools opening or closing, schools adding or dropping sports, schools exercising the option to play in a higher division, or approval or dissolution of cooperative programs.
When the same sport is conducted for boys and girls in the same season (e.g., track & field and cross country), the gender that has the most sponsoring schools controls the division breaks for both genders.
Memorable Debut Ignites Massey's Inspiring Impact on Adaptive Athletics
By
Scott Hassinger
Special for MHSAA.com
May 7, 2025
STURGIS – Very few high school track & field athletes have an opportunity to finish their freshman seasons the way Sturgis' Vivian Massey did last spring.
Massey, now a sophomore, won the adaptive shot put championship last spring at the Lower Peninsula Division 1 Finals at East Kentwood. She took first with a personal-best and Finals-record throw of 12 foot, 7 inches, using a 4-kilogram (8.82-pound) ball).
"Getting a state record throw is really cool, but being able to show others that something like that is possible for an adaptive athlete is even better," Massey said.
Sturgis has been one of the pioneer programs in the state as participation by adaptive athletes increases in the sport. The Trojans are led by the husband and wife duo of JB and Lesley Starkey; JB serves as Sturgis' head boys coach, while Lesley guides the girls team.
Former Sturgis athlete Jillian Romanyk, a 2023 graduate, won LP Division 2 Finals titles her senior year in the shot put (13-7) and 100-meter dash (30.53) competing in a wheelchair.
Massey has the condition achondroplasia, a genetic disorder that causes the most common form of dwarfism. It affects the growth plates in bones, resulting in abnormal bone growth and shortened limbs.
"I used to play soccer up until I was in fifth or sixth grade. But by then everyone became taller and faster than me, so I just stopped. I thought I was done competing in sports then,” said Massey, who hopes to one day study forensic psychology in college. “It just feels really good to still be able to compete. Our track family here at Sturgis is really close, and we are all there for each other. Eventually I'd like to try throwing the discus as well. I'd like to throw in college, but who knows if that will happen or not."
Vivian grew up around track & field. Her older sister Hannah, a 2020 Sturgis graduate, and brother Alex (2024) were both throwers for the Trojans.
"When I was in eighth grade I started throwing with them during the indoor season and continued with it into high school. It just seemed like a good fit for me," Vivian explained.
There were a few adjustments Massey had to make when she began competing in outdoor track her freshman year, but having her older brother in the Sturgis program with her was an immense help.
"The experience of competing wasn't that new to me when I reached high school, but the outdoor season took a little getting used to. Having my brother and a few of his friends right there to help me was very helpful," she said.
Massey excelled and qualified for the Finals as a freshman after winning her Regional competition.
"It was a very cool experience and a lot of fun qualifying for and winning state. It's still kind of a shock to me when I pause a minute and think about what I accomplished that day. I never expected to win state," Massey said.
She is looking forward to another strong finish this season.
"I really want to get first at Regionals and qualify for state again and hopefully keep improving my performance," Massey said. "The biggest thing I'm working on right now is to not get so nervous and inside my own head. I like to listen to music to help keep me calm before I throw. It helps me focus and block out everything else that's going on around me."
Lesley Starkey, a Title I elementary teacher at Congress School in Sturgis, feels Massey's involvement will have a far-reaching effect on the track & field program and with others long after she graduates.
"Just from a general athlete and seeing what Vivian does is amazing. What she doesn't realize is how impactful she's going to be down the road,” Starkey said. “I have a student at Congress with only one arm. She could be one of our next adaptive athletes, and I'd love to have her come out for our team. So helping other athletes see that they have an opportunity to compete in the adaptive category like Vivian does is huge in the long term. Just by her work ethic and coming out here and competing when it can sometimes be intimidating, is a big contribution to our program and others around the state during her four years here and beyond as well."
Massey’s participation has inspired opposing athletes as well.
"JB and I were at a meet last season in Quincy. Vivian wasn't competing, but Athens had a blind athlete and their coaches weren't even aware that the adaptive category existed at the state level. We spoke with them and told them to make sure she went on to compete at the Regional and the state level,” Starkey said.
“Right now there are four events that adaptive athletes can compete in. They are the 100-meter, 200-meter and 400-meter dashes, and the shot put. The girl from Athens was able to do that and she became a multi-state champion in Division 4."
Massey’s personal-best in the shot put during the indoor season is 15 feet, 3 inches, using a 2 kilogram (4.41 pound) ball.
JB Starkey, a physical education teacher at Sturgis High School, credits her commitment to a weight training program for helping her increase her strength and consistency this season.
"I learn lessons in the weight room every day. I make mistakes with things that Vivian can't do. I'm the one that has to make adjustments so we are making adaptions with her weight training, shot put throwing and even our physical education classes to service her the best that we can,” he said. “She's very flexible and understanding of our mistakes. We're learning over time and getting much better about it.”
Massey had to overcome several physical challenges before she was able to throw effectively.
"So with achondroplasia, I have little or no cartilage in my joints. For example, I can write an essay but it would take more time for me than it would other kids because I'd have to take breaks and let my wrists rest,” Massey said. “I wear a wrist strap in the shot put that helps stabilize my wrist when I'm throwing. I also use J-Hooks to help with my grip when weightlifting in doing reps with the bar. I'm strong enough to hold and do the motion, but my hands can't hold onto the weight.”
Kelly Massey, Vivian's mother, stated that her daughter's condition has never deterred her from accomplishing daily tasks or continuing her athletic career.
"Vivian has to figure out a different way to do everything she does in life, like reaching the kitchen cabinets. Everything is a struggle, but she just makes it happen,” Kelly Massey said. “She started in soccer and we thought her sports career was over, but the Starkeys have done a great job keeping her involved and giving her all the opportunities they possibly can. They truly love this sport, and they will do whatever it takes to get kids participating.”
Alex Massey remembers how Vivian became involved in throwing as an eighth grader.
"During the offseason, a small group of us throwers would come up to the school and throw, and Vivian started coming up there with us. She fell in love with it, and the Starkeys have been with her all the way. Being able to work with her some I think helped keep her motivated," Alex Massey said.
"It was pretty emotional to see Vivian up there throwing at the state meet. She holds herself to a very high standard, and it’s just amazing to see the door that she's opened for other athletes."
Scott Hassinger is a contributing sportswriter for Leader Publications and previously served as the sports editor for the Three Rivers Commercial-News from 1994-2022. He can be reached at [email protected] with story ideas for Berrien, Cass, St. Joseph and Branch counties.
PHOTOS (Top) Vivian Massey competes in the adaptive shot put during last season’s Lower Peninsula Division 1 Finals. (Middle) Sturgis High School track & field coaches Leslie and JB Starkey stand for a photo during a Trojans' practice last week. (Below) Massey, right, receives congratulations from Fenton’s Molly Katic, left in wheelchair, following last year’s Finals shot put competition at East Kentwood. (Finals photos provided by JB Starkey. Coaches photo by Scott Hassinger.)