'Over Here,' Athletes Gave to WWI Effort
March 28, 2018
By Ron Pesch
Special for Second Half
In a nation at war, the needs of many outweigh the desires of a few.
Among the many noble sacrifices for the greater good was Michigan’s spring high school sports season of 1918.
The United States’ entry into “The Great War” (today commonly known as World War I) came on April 6, 1917, 2½ years after the war had begun. First elected President of the United States in 1912, Woodrow Wilson earned re-election in 1916 under a platform to keep the U.S. out of the war in Europe. The sinking of the British passenger ships Arabic and Lusitania in 1915 caused the death of 131 America citizens, but did not invoke entry into the conflict. However, continued aggressive German actions forced a reversal in policy.
“The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind,” stated Wilson in an April 2 special session of Congress, in requesting action to enter the war.
A huge baseball fan, President Wilson recognized the value of entertainment and athletics during a time of crisis. Major league baseball, America’s pastime, completed a full schedule in 1917. A former president at Princeton University, on May 21, 1917, Wilson addressed the value of school athletics in a letter to the New York Evening Post.
“I would be sincerely sorry to see the men and boys in our colleges and schools give up their athletic sports and I hope most sincerely that the normal courses of college sports will be continued so far as possible, not only to afford a diversion to the American people in the days to come when we shall no doubt have our share of mental depression, but as a real contribution to the national defense. Our young men must be made physically fit in order that later they may take the place of those who are now of military age and exhibit the vigor and alertness which we are proud to believe to be characteristic of our young men.”
Despite the highest of hopes, the requirements and realities of war deeply impacted life in the U.S. soon after.
In February of 1918, a proposal was circulated by Dr. John Remsen Bishop, principal of Detroit Eastern High School and president of the Michigan Interscholastic Athletic Association, to abolish spring athletics at Michigan high schools. Due to a labor shortage brought on by the war, the states, including Michigan, needed help on farms, harvesting crops from spring until late fall. The action might also affect the football season of 1918.
The Boys’ Working Reserve, a branch of the U.S. Department of Labor, was organized in the spring of 1917 and designed to tap into an underutilized resource to help address that labor deficiency. “Its object was the organization of the boy-power of the nation for work on the farms during the school vacation months.”
While the idea was popular among schools around Detroit, due to the lack of public commentary from outstate school administration, it was expected that the proposal would meet at least some opposition when the M.I.A.A. gathered on Thursday, March 28 in Ann Arbor during a meeting of the state’s Schoolmasters Club.
Less than two weeks prior to the March meeting, Michigan Agricultural College made an announcement that would impact one aspect of the coming spring sports season.
“The department of athletics of the Michigan Agricultural College begs to inform the high schools of the state that plans for the annual interscholastic track meet, which was to have been conducted here in June, have been given up this year – not through any desire on the part of this department to discourage athletics, but because this is a time when we can and should devote our resources to better uses,” said coach Chester L. Brewer of the Aggies to the Lansing State Journal. “It would hardly be sound judgment for us to make our usual elaborate plans for this meet while our government is appealing to all of us to economize and exercise the utmost thrift. Neither is it wise policy to encourage unnecessary traveling upon the railroads, or to ask high schools of the state to make any expenditures other than those which are absolutely necessary.”
Earlier in the year, similar news had come from the University of Michigan.
In January of 1917, the University of Michigan had announced plans for an elaborate annual high school basketball invitational, designed to identify a Class A state champion. Billed as the “First Annual Interscholastic Basket Ball Tournament,” the March event hosted 38 teams. However, influenced by the war, a decision had been made not to run a second tournament in 1918. Instead, on March 27, Kalamazoo Central and Detroit Central, two of the state’s top teams, were invited to Ann Arbor for a hastily arranged contest at U-M’s Waterman Gymnasium. The schools had split a two-game series during the regular season. Kalamazoo won the season’s third matchup, and while not official, declared itself 1918 Michigan state champion.
Into this environment of patriotism and uncertainty, school administrators arrived in Ann Arbor for the Schoolmasters gathering. There, in the morning, the membership heard a presentation from H. W. Wells, assistant and first director of the Boys’ Working Reserve. “The heart of the nation, rather than the hearts of the nation, is beginning to beat. War is making us a unit,” said Wells, discussing the aim to recruit boys between the ages of 16 and 21 to help provide food for the allies in Europe and at home in the United States.
“Wells told of the need for the farmers to sow more wheat, and plant more corn,” reported the Ann Arbor News, “and in the same breath he told of great corn fields all over the country, where last year’s corn still lay unhusked, because of a lack of farm labor.”
It was estimated that 25 percent of the nation’s farm workforce was now active in the armed forces.
The proposition was brought to the M.I.A.A. by Lewis L. Forsythe, principal at Ann Arbor High School, who would soon establish himself as a guiding force in high school athletics. The proposal “was discussed thoroughly.”
“This session is usually a stormy one, because of contentions that arise over rulings that affect schools in different ways,” said Adrian superintendent Carl H. Griffey to the Adrian Daily Telegram, “but this meeting was a serious one in which all matters were related to our national welfare and passed by unanimous votes.”
So, one day after the conclusion of the abbreviated state basketball championship contest, the spring prep sports season in Michigan came to an abrupt halt. Michigan’s male high school students were asked to work to support the war effort.
“Chances are that they will remain there for the duration of the war,” stated the Lansing State Journal in response to the action. “At the meeting … it was talked of quitting football because of the need of the boys staying on the farms till the latter part of November. This is highly probable. If it is passed upon then Michigan high schools will have but one sport, basketball.
“Whether intra-mural sports will replace the representative teams is not known. This form of athletics demands the attention of a great number of teachers to tutor the different class organizations. The teachers are taxed to the limit at present and cannot give the time to sports. Organizing farm classes and Liberty bond teams is taking the teacher’s spare moments. … But still athletics are needed, as the war has demonstrated, and physical training should be instituted from the kindergarten to the university.“
“Those lads who leave for the farms the first of May,” wrote the Port Huron Times-Herald, “will be in better condition when they return home from the fields and cow lanes than they would (have) had they remained in the city until June batting the leather pill.”
The fate of the 1918 football season would not be known until late August.
In late June, the 29th Governor of Michigan, Albert E. Sleeper, thanked the estimated 8,000 students who had joined the ranks.
“To you soldiers of the soil I would say this, that I am as proud to address you as I would be to address any of the boys who are bearing arms for their country. You have proved that you are true patriots, for you have started out to do exactly what your country has asked you to do – the thing which you can do best for your country at this time.
“Every day, in the rush of official work, I think of you Reservists as you work on the farms, just as I think of our soldiers who are in training camps or ‘over there.’ And I am just as proud of you as I am of them. So are all the people of Michigan.”
It was estimated “the boys who last spring left their high school studies and as members of the United States Boys’ Reserve have helped the Michigan division to add $7,000,000 to the food production of the nation.”
In September, Byron J. Rivett, secretary of the M.I.A.A., announced that, based on a vote of member high schools, prep sports would be resumed in the fall. The Detroit News celebrated the news that “moleskins and pigskins will be in evidence and the grand old game will be a part of the autumn’s entertainment.”
In October, in Grand Rapids and Detroit and other cities across the state, officials gathered to honor those who served as part of the “Michigan Division of the Reserve” and to award bronze badges in recognition for their contribution to the war effort.
World War I officially ended on November 11 with the signing of the armistice. Armistice Day, today known as Veteran’s Day, was first celebrated in 1919. In total, an estimated 16 million were killed during the war.
“Four million ‘Doughboys’ had served in the United States Army with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Half of those participated overseas,” said Mitchell Yockelson in Prologue magazine, a publication of the National Archive. “Although the United States participated in the conflict for less than two years, it was a costly event. More than 100,000 Americans lost their lives during this period.”
More than 5,000 of those casualties had come from Michigan.
***
To the surprise of the world, a second war arrived in 1918. This one did not discriminate based on geographic or political borders. It would take more lives than World War I.
Globally, the Spanish Flu pandemic arrived in three waves, one in the spring, one in the fall of 1918, and a third arriving in the winter of 1919 and ending in the spring. It, too, would impact high school and college athletics in Michigan and beyond, as countless football games across the nation were cancelled in an attempt to help reduce the spread of the disease.
In the end, an estimated 675,000 would die in the United States from the virus. In Michigan, hundreds succumbed in October 1918 alone. In Detroit, between the beginning of October and the end of November, “there were 18,066 cases of influenza reported to Detroit’s Department of Health. Of these, 1,688 died from influenza or its complications.” Worldwide, an estimated 50 million were killed by the Influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.
Ron Pesch has taken an active role in researching the history of MHSAA events since 1985 and began writing for MHSAA Finals programs in 1986, adding additional features and "flashbacks" in 1992. He inherited the title of MHSAA historian from the late Dick Kishpaugh following the 1993-94 school year, and resides in Muskegon. Contact him at [email protected] with ideas for historical articles.
PHOTOS: (Top) The U.S. Department of Labor recruited high school students to work on farms as soldiers went oversees to fight World War I. (Middle top) A Working Reserve badge. (Middle) Lewis L. Forsythe. (Below) Another recruitment poster for the Working Reserve shows a man plowing a field while war rages in the background. (Photos collected by Ron Pesch.)
Despite Annual Early-Season Challenges, Northern Teams Carve Space Among Contenders
By
Steve Vedder
Special for MHSAA.com
June 4, 2025
It may be 35 years later, but whenever Brian Endres touches base with old Traverse City St. Francis baseball teammates, the conversations invariably turn to one unpleasant topic.
They still wonder how they survived Michigan's brutal early spring ballgames played in temperatures which barely crept over the freezing mark, while wearing a sweatshirt beneath their uniforms offered little help or when a hitter prayed he wouldn't take a fastball off the handle of his bat.
They remember games played in a cold rain, dodging swirling snowflakes and trying to survive blustery, bone-chilling winds.
It's a wonder, the players reminisce now, how they ever shivered through baseball in northern Michigan in April.
"You just never knew about the weather," said Endres, a senior outfielder on the 1990 Traverse City St. Francis team that defeated Climax-Scotts 7-6 to win the Class D title. "You never knew what you'd have to deal with. You just took note of it and played; it was part of the game. You would get to a game and it'd be pouring rain, but you played because it was tough to find a day to squeeze in a game. It was always tough to get in a flow."
Getting in a flow of a northern Michigan baseball season is a slow process which begins with the official start of practice in gyms – this season kicking off March 10.
While teams in southern Michigan will enjoy a handful of days when they can escape outside to practice, teams in the northern part of the state are confined to limited drills in often undersized gymnasiums. It's not uncommon, coaches say, that the first time getting outside coincides with the team's opening game.
Until teams finally step on a baseball field, coaches prioritize fundamentals, utilize drop-down indoor batting cages, round pitching arms into shape, roll ground balls in carpeted school hallways, conduct Wiffle ball home run derbies and even teach seminars on how to score a baseball game just to break up the monotony. Some coaches even bring umpires into the gym during practices to help players sharpen their batting eyes.
Coaches say finding a variety of work to keep ballplayers interested after they've chased Wiffle around a gymnasium for a month is an annual challenge.
"We maximize every space," current St. Francis coach Tom Passinault said. "You're in small gyms so you have to be creative. But it's tough."
Maple City Glen Lake coach Kris Herman, who recently won his 500th game, has witnessed high school baseball from both a downstate perspective and from coaching in the north. A former assistant for legendary Blissfield coach Larry Tuttle, Herman said he's had teams which can't get outside for the first eight weeks of the season. Herman recalls one season when the team didn't open until May 1 and a game where the team played in rain, sun and snow – at the same time. His team has been snowed out as late as May 10.
Herman said being stuck in a gym when southern teams have already been outside gaining valuable work in for several weeks can get old.
"I tell people we are the best bunt-scrimmage team in America," Herman said. "Everyone is used to it, but we still grumble. Nobody wants to play an outdoor sport indoors. What you want is for things to be in place for when there is good weather."
Former St. Francis coach Craig Bauer, who brought baseball to that school in 1979 then won that Class D title 11 years later, said northern coaches have the same goals and priorities as southern Michigan coaches, but those ideas must be implemented along a different timeline. He said northern teams often have a couple of credible pitchers, but can use inside time to find up 4-6 more arms. Batting cages and hitting machines are helpful, but because of a hitter's timing, can only mimic live pitching to a certain level.
The only true solution is getting outside, which doesn't happen until mid-April – and that's with a seasonable spring.
"The weather is continually a factor. It's usually well into April when you're getting out for the first time," Bauer said. "Sometimes your opening game is the first time you've got outside. But you get into a season and make do."
It's even worse for the smattering of Upper Peninsula teams. Rudyard coach Billy Mitchell, the 2023 Michigan High School Baseball Coaches Association Coach of the Year, said it's a major challenge trying to field a program north of the Mackinac Bridge. In fact, it may sound crazy, but when it comes to besting horrible weather, ignorance is bliss, Mitchell said.
"Weather plays a big factor," he said. "But the players don't know any different. They know Rudyard wants to play the best competition, and we have to travel to do it. A lot of northern schools, whether it's just the school (philosophy) or the administration, they don't play a lot of games. We try to load up on games."
With this year's 44th MHSAA Tournament underway – and set to conclude June 14 at Michigan State’s McLane Stadium – the question arises how northern Michigan teams have fared since the first in 1971. If you define "northern" schools as ones located north of the east/west M-55 corridor from Manistee in the west through Cadillac to Tawas City in the east, only four schools – Cheboygan Catholic Central (1973-74), Mesick (1982), Traverse City St. Francis (1990) and Hillman (1992, 1994, 1997)) – have won MHSAA Finals championships.
Granted, there have been myriad near-misses by northern teams such as the 1981 Mesick team which lost 1-0 to Reading in the Class D Final, or the 2017 and 2021 Traverse City St. Francis clubs that lost in Division 3 championship games. Frankfort finished second in Class D in 1978 and 1979, losing those two Finals 4-1 and 4-3, respectively. Gaylord St. Mary was the Class D runner-up in 1988 and 1989.
Considering that tournament history, a natural question arises as to whether northern teams are at a disadvantage, even though the tournament doesn't start until late May. Coaches don't necessarily have a definitive answer, but most believe their programs have caught up to the rest of the state in terms of games by District time.
Numbers bear that out. For instance, according to the May 14 MHSBCA poll, the top eight ranked teams in Division 1 have played an average of 28 games while the same number of ranked Division 2 teams have averaged 24. The seven Division 3 and 4 schools considered "northern" schools ranked in the polls have averaged 23 games this season.
While competition and a challenging schedule are factors in postseason success, coaches believe they're on par with downstate schools by June 1.
"By May we're playing good baseball, we can compete with teams downstate," Herman said. "(The MHSAA Semifinals) is absolutely a goal, and you should be shooting for the ultimate goal. But if you don't make it, you're still satisfied by how far you got. We're got environmental things to work around, but we're starting to build programs up here and people are enthusiastic about it."
Passinault said scheduling plays a major factor. To compensate for the weather, St. Francis travels south to Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Muskegon, Lansing and even Detroit for games. When the weather improves, the schedule changes to playing teams closer to Traverse City.
"We're caught up by then," said Passinault, whose team once won 53 consecutive Lake Michigan Conference games. "I've never heard anyone up here say we can't win."
Bauer and former Mesick coach James Linna say winning a championship can come down to a single, Cinderella-type season where all the chips fall into place. Considering that many northern schools are among the smallest in the state, most of the programs get only a single, once-in-a-generation shot at a championship.
For instance, Bauer recalls the 1990 team getting a couple of key transfers, a freshman and a junior who had played in southern Michigan and who became the starting shortstop and second baseman. The team relied on a deep bench, benefitted from playing only two games against Class C and D teams, and had a powerful lineup that combined to hit nearly .350 for the season while scoring a combined 14 runs across the Semifinal and Final games.
"All the cards fell together," Bauer said.
Linna, now 90 years old, actually had two once-in-a-lifetime opportunities. The 1981 Mesick club lost in the Finals before going 30-0-1 with a tie against Frankfort en route to the Class D championship the next season.
"We had pretty decent weather that year and once it was warm, it was so much easier to play by late April," said Linna, who coached from 1967-98. "But you've still got to have the players to win. We had kids who wanted to play and win, and I wasn't going to hold them back.
"But we just don't have the same weather that the teams in the south have, and that makes for a difficult time. Put it this way: Upper Michigan teams have to deal with disadvantages more than southern teams. They definitely have an advantage, but we hang in there."
Like Traverse City St. Francis, Mitchell said Rudyard will travel south early to play games, a choice that ultimately helps a program at tournament time. Rudyard plays at places such as Mount Pleasant, Alpena, Gaylord and Cheboygan – basically utilizing the I-75 corridor – to strengthen its schedule. That's much of what Mitchell credits for four District and two Regional titles and two Semifinals trips since 2020.
"It's like being a college team," he said. "You go south early and play, come back home to practice, then go south again. People look at us and see an Upper Peninsula team, but our goal is to make it to Michigan State.
"Just because we're a U.P. team, that doesn't hold us back."
PHOTOS (Top) Traverse City St. Francis players hold up a banner after clinching the 1990 Class D baseball title at Battle Creek’s Bailey Park. (2) Maple City Glen Lake players gather around coach Kris Herman to celebrate his 400th victory during the 2022 season. (3) Rudyard’s Eli Sprague, left, fist-bumps his first-base coach during a 2023 Division 4 Semifinal. (4) The Mesick baseball team won the 1982 Class D title. (St. Francis and Glen Lake photos are courtesy of those respective programs’ past/current coaches.)