2017-18 Report Shows Fewer Concussions
August 8, 2018
By Geoff Kimmerly
Second Half editor
Concussions are down, according to data compiled by the Michigan High School Athletic Association during its third year of collecting head injury reports from member high schools.
The work is not done – but this year’s data reinforces trends that emerged during the first two years of reporting and will assist the MHSAA as it explores solutions to continue reducing the incidence of head injuries in school sports.
The 2017-18 concussion report found a 9.6-percent decrease in the number of confirmed concussions from the previous year. Student-athletes at MHSAA member high schools encountered during 2017-18 a total of 3,580 head injuries – or 4.8 per member school, compared to the 2016-17 average of 5.2. Total participation in MHSAA sports for 2017-18 was 284,920 – with students counted once for each sport he or she played – and only 1.3 percent of participants experienced a head injury, down from 1.4 in 2016-17 and 1.6 percent the first year of the study.
As first mandated in 2015-16, member schools are required to report head injuries to the MHSAA identifying the sport that each student-athlete was participating in and whether the injury was sustained during practice or competition. Schools also are required to designate at which level – varsity, junior varsity or freshman – the injury occurred.
The full report of all head injuries experienced during 2017-18 by student-athletes at MHSAA member high schools – including percentages by sport (per 1,000 participants), gender and team level, as well as data tracking when athletes returned to play – is available by clicking here.
Consistent with the first two years of the study, the MHSAA received data from more than 99 percent of its member high schools after the fall, winter and spring seasons and continued to track each injury report through its conclusion this summer. Member junior high and middle schools also were allowed, although not mandated, to report their potential head injuries; and those findings are not part of the published report.
The decrease in overall head injury reports collected for 2017-18 follows a similar reduction from 2015-16 to 2016-17 – and brings the total decrease to 19.6 percent fewer reports since the first year of the study.
MHSAA Executive Director John E. “Jack” Roberts noted that the decreases in reports, both year to year and since the first year of the survey, likely have some relation to year-to-year fluctuation, refinement of the follow-up reporting process and a better understanding by schools of what is not to be included for the survey – including head injuries not diagnosed as concussions and head injuries that did not take place during MHSAA-sponsored activities.
However, the findings of this year’s study – and their similarities to the findings from the first two surveys – has begun to clarify the identification and understanding of trends. Continuing to emerge perhaps most prominently is the higher incidence of concussion reports from girls sports – and pertinent questions about physiological and social causes behind those results.
“With three years of reporting by virtually 100 percent of our high schools, what we’re learning is no longer anecdotal; the results are beginning to identify valid trends and genuine issues that need to be addressed,” Roberts said. “For example, it’s even clearer than before that girls are reporting three times the number of concussions as boys when comparing similar sports – soccer, basketball and baseball versus softball. As a result, we’ve already begun to incorporate these gender differences into our coaches education, and the writers of high school playing rules are obligated to focus on these gender differences as well.”
Although the total number of confirmed concussions was significantly lower again in 2017-18, a number of findings detailing those injuries fell in line with results of the first two surveys.
Boys experienced 2,373– or 66 percent – of those injuries, the same ratio as 2016-17, and not surprisingly as boys have a much higher participation in contact sports. More than half of head injuries – 56 percent – were experienced by varsity athletes, which for the second year also fell within a percent difference of the previous year’s findings.
A total of 2,330 head injuries – or 65 percent – came in competition as opposed to practice. More than half took place during either the middle of practice or middle of competition as opposed to the start or end, and 52 percent of injuries were a result of person-to-person contact. The MHSAA also asked schools to report the number of days between the head injury and the athlete’s return to activity – and the two largest groups, both at 24 percent, returned to activity after either 6 to 10 days of rest or 11 to 15. All of these findings were within 1-3 percent of those discovered from the 2016-17 data.
Contact sports again revealed the most head injuries. Ranking first was football, 11 and 8-player combined, with 41 head injuries per 1,000 participants – a decrease for the second straight year, this time from 44 head injuries per 1,000 participants in 2016-17 and down from 49 head injuries per 1,000 football participants shown by the first study in 2015-16.
Ice hockey repeated with the second-most injuries per 1,000, with 32 (down from 36 injuries per 1,000 from 2016-17 and 38 per 1,000 in 2015-16), and girls soccer and wrestling tied for third with 25 head injuries per 1,000 participants – girls soccer down from 28 head injuries per 1,000 participants and wrestling down from 26 per 1,000 in 2016-17.
Also consistent with 2016-17, the next five sports (after football and hockey) to show the highest incidences of head injuries were girls sports – girls soccer followed by girls basketball (22 per 1,000), girls competitive cheer (20) and girls lacrosse (20). Boys lacrosse (17), girls gymnastics (16) and boys soccer (12) were the only other sports to show double-digit head injuries per 1,000 participants.
Females again reported significantly more concussions than males playing the same or similar sports – soccer, basketball and baseball/softball. Female soccer players reported more than double the concussions per 1,000 participants as male soccer players (25 to 12), while female basketball players also reported more than double the number of concussions per 1,000 participants (22 to 9). Softball players reported seven concussions per 1,000 participants, and baseball players reported three per 1,000. Although the percentage differences vary from year to year, the results of all three comparisons remained consistent with what the survey found in 2015-16 and 2016-17.
The MHSAA in 2018-19 is directing its sport committees to focus on a pair of questions – how to increase participation and how to make their specific sports safer – the latter aiming to put some of what has been learned from concussion reporting into practice. The MHSAA also is continuing to invite Michigan’s universities, health care systems and the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) to take part in analyzing the data and resulting questions that have arisen during the past three years.
“Regrettably, I do not see a nationwide head injury reporting effort likely,” Roberts said. “First, it’s hard to coordinate 50 states’ efforts. And second, if left to medical professionals, the survey tool might become so cumbersome that schools would be reluctant to participate – and certainly, it would not get the 99.9 percent cooperation that we’ve enjoyed from schools over these three years.”
Schools report possible concussions online via the MHSAA Website. Reports are then examined by members of the MHSAA staff, who follow up with school administrators as those student-athletes continue to receive care and eventually return to play. Student privacy is protected.
The reporting of possible concussions is part of a three-pronged advance by the MHSAA in concussion care begun during the 2015-16 school year. The MHSAA completed in spring 2017 the largest-ever state high school association sideline concussion testing pilot program, with a sample of schools from across the state over two years using one of two screening tests designed to detect concussions. The MHSAA also was the first state association to provide all participants at every member high school and junior high/middle school with insurance intended to pay accident medical expense benefits – covering deductibles and co-pays left unpaid by other policies – resulting from head injuries sustained during school practices or competitions and at no cost to either schools or families.
Previously, the MHSAA also was among the first state associations to adopt a return-to-play protocol that keeps an athlete out of activity until at least the next day after a suspected concussion, and allows that athlete to return to play only after he or she has been cleared unconditionally for activity by a doctor (M.D. or D.O.), physician’s assistant or nurse practitioner.
In addition, the MHSAA’s Coaches Advancement Program – which includes courses that must be completed by all varsity head coaches hired for the first time at a member school – provides substantial instruction on concussion care. Separately, rules meetings that are required viewing for high school varsity and subvarsity head and assistant coaches at the start of each season include detailed training on caring for athletes with possible head injuries.
Scholars and Athletes 2014: Class A
By
Geoff Kimmerly
MHSAA.com senior editor
February 18, 2014
The Michigan High School Athletic Association has selected 14 student-athletes from Class A member schools to receive scholarships through its Scholar-Athlete Award program.
Farm Bureau Insurance, in its 25th year of sponsoring the award, will give $1,000 college scholarships to 32 individuals who represent their member schools in at least one sport in which the Association sponsors a postseason tournament. The first 30 scholarships are awarded proportionately by school classification and number of student-athletes involved in those classes; also, there are two at-large honorees who can come from any classification.
Each of the scholarship recipients will be honored at halftime ceremonies of the Class C Boys Basketball Final game March 22 at the Breslin Student Events Center in East Lansing. Commemorative medallions will be given to the finalists in recognition of their accomplishments.
The Class A Scholar-Athlete Award honorees are: Paige Blakeslee, Gibraltar Carlson; Kirsten Avery Chambers, Riverview; Elizabeth Cowger, Fenton; Caroline Ann Hagan, East Lansing; Anna Haritos, Auburn Hills Avondale; Grace Kao, Okemos; Elianna Shwayder, Saline; Ryan S. Fischer, Grandville; Rami Kadouh, Dearborn; Cody James McKay, Utica Ford; Samuel A. Mousigian, Dearborn; Vikram Shanker, Midland Dow; Jalal Taleb, Dearborn Heights Crestwood; and Tanner Vincent, Novi.
Overviews of the scholarship recipients of the Class A Scholar-Athlete Award follow. A quote from each recipient's essay also is included:
Paige Blakeslee, Gibraltar Carlson
Will play her fourth season of varsity soccer this spring to go with three varsity seasons of basketball and two of volleyball. Has served as captain of five teams, including all three of her varsity squads, and helped the volleyball team to a District title in 2012. Earned all-District honors in soccer last spring. Serves as leader of the trumpet section of her marching band and earned its Maestro Performance Award; has played in marching band and symphonic band each for four years and jazz band for three years. Serves on executive board of school’s Marauder Captains Mentoring Program, and also founded and serves as president of her school’s Earth Club. Participates in National Honor Society and Students Against Destructive Decisions. Will attend Central Michigan University and study graphic design and illustration.
Essay Quote: “When I graduate, I will head off to college where I will be working with upwards of 20,000 other students. Just like my team, we will come from different backgrounds ... but we all have the same goal in mind. Good sportsmanship has taught me to accept people for who they are and to move past their differences. We are all on the same team; we need to focus on the same goal.”
Kirsten Avery Chambers, Riverview
Playing her fourth season of varsity basketball and will play her fourth of varsity soccer this spring; also ran three seasons of varsity cross country and one of track and field. Earned all-league honors her first three seasons of soccer and all-state honorable mention in 2013, when she set her school single-season record for assists. Qualified for the MHSAA Finals in cross country in 2010. Serves as captain of the girls basketball team and has been named captain for soccer. Maintains a grade-point average higher than 4.0 and is in her third year in National Honor Society. Participated four years in student government including as class treasurer, four years in Diversity Club including as vice president and three years in Key Club including as secretary. Attended the Huron League Leadership Conference and Michigan Roundtable for Diversity and Inclusion Regional Youth Consortium. Volunteered for American Cancer Society’s Relay for Life for four years. Will attend Adrian College and study microbiology.
Essay Quote: “Just one negative experience with poor sportsmanship can have a lasting impact in the lives of those exposed to the poor sportsmanship. Completely opposite of that, the same lasting impact can be obtained in situations in which there was positive sportsmanship displayed in educational athletics.”
Elizabeth Cowger, Fenton
Playing her third season of varsity basketball and will play her fourth of softball this spring; also ran three seasons of varsity cross country after playing freshman volleyball. Served as captain of cross country and basketball teams and will serve as softball captain. Earned softball all-state honorable mention as a junior and has earned all-league recognition in both basketball and cross country. Helped basketball team to a District championship in 2013. Served four years on student council including this year as all-school president, and also is serving for the second year as editor-in-chief of the school’s newspaper, Fenton InPrint, a 2012-13 winner of the Michigan Interscholastic Press Association Spartan Award (its highest honor). Carries a 4.0 grade-point average and is participating in National Honor Society for the second year, serving as chair of the Teacher Appreciation Committee. Named Miss Fenton by her local Chamber of Commerce. Also participated on school’s LifeSmarts student business competition team that finished state runner-up. Will attend the University of Minnesota and study supply chain and operations management and finance.
Essay Quote: “(Sportsmanship’s) value encompasses much more than just a handshake at the end of a contest. It includes stepping up in a pressure situation, making individual sacrifices for your teammates and setting the best examples to those who look up to you.”
Caroline Ann Hagan, East Lansing
Ran four years of varsity cross country and will play her third season of varsity soccer this spring, also played varsity basketball as a junior and competes at a statewide level in figure skating. Qualified for the MHSAA Finals in cross country as both a freshman and sophomore and earned all-District recognition in soccer. Served as captain multiple seasons in soccer and basketball. Serving as student body president after two years as her class president as a sophomore and junior. Participating in National Honor Society for the third year and earned school’s Distinguished Scholar Award all four years. Participated in Young Life youth group four years and as a volunteer for the LINKS autism program, the Sparrow Foundation’s Women Working Wonders group and as a youth soccer coach. Will attend Michigan State University and study business and broadcast journalism.
Essay Quote: “Sportsmanship to me is not the amount of medals you win or state championships you bring home. It is about being with your teammates, knowing how to help them when they are down. Sportsmanship is about picking your friends up, giving hugs and high fives, so you both succeed.”
Anna Haritos, Auburn Hills Avondale
Ran three years of varsity cross country and will run her fourth with the varsity track and field team this spring, when she will serve as team captain. Qualified for MHSAA Finals in cross country twice; also twice finished among top eight in 300-meter hurdles at MHSAA Track and Field Finals and qualified twice as part of 3,200 relay teams. Participating in National Honor Society for the third year. Ranked as a top-10 member of the school’s Class Board all four years and also is a member of the French Honor Society. Participated four years in Greek School Club, including as class board president, and has served as a junior camp counselor at the Lloyd A. Stage Nature Center and as an event organizer for Kids Against Hunger. Will attend the University of Michigan and study pre-medical with a major in chemistry and minor in classical studies-Modern Greek.
Essay Quote: “The athletes who respect the event create a contagious positive attitude because their love of the spirit of the game and pure drive illuminate the true nature of the sport. (Sportsmanship) lessons are about friendly competition: learning how to rely on opponents as a tool for self-improvement and not as a source that fuels negative emotions.”
Grace Kao, Okemos
Participated in her fourth season of varsity swimming and diving and holds one team, three league and four pool records. Helped team to four league meet championships and served as captain this fall. Earned all-state as part of two relays during career, and this fall also finished 10th in the 100-yard backstroke at the MHSAA Lower Peninsula Division 2 Finals. Earned academic all-state honors and a National AP Scholar award, also is a two-year member of the National Honor Society, serving as secretary. Participated on Science Olympiad team that qualified for the state tournament. Earned highest or superior performance ratings playing the viola and piano, respectively. Served as captain of ACTION Volunteer Club and started Chieftain Champs mentoring program to assist elementary students. Taught culture class for Lansing Chinese School and earned first place in Michigan Chinese Schools speech competition. Will attend Carnegie Mellon University and study computer science.
Essay Quote: “Sometimes we forget that everything is just a game. We get so buried in our thoughts of winning that we forget that at the end of the game, we are all just peers, and even friends. ... Everyone is playing for the fun of the sport and the feeling of accomplishment after all of the time and work put in.”
Elianna Miriam Johanna Shwayder, Saline
Ran four years of varsity cross country and will run her fourth with the track and field team this spring. Finished sixth and then fourth, respectively, the last two seasons in the Lower Peninsula Division 1 Cross Country Final after winning three Regional championships and two league titles. Earned individual league championships multiple years in the 1,600 and 3,200-meter track runs and was part of a 3,200 relay that placed among the top seven at the last three MHSAA LP Division 1 Finals. Ranks number one academically in her class and earned an AP Scholar with Distinction award while being named a National Merit Scholarship semifinalist and the Wendy’s High School Heisman Award state female winner. Earned “Best Delegate” acknowledgements as part of her school’s Model United Nations club and represented her school as a delegate to the American Legion Auxiliary Michigan Girls State conference. Will attend Harvard University to study pre-medical while majoring in cultural anthropology or religious studies.
Essay Quote: “My team understands that sportsmanship is fundamental to our success as we compete for ourselves, for our team, but most of all, for each other. This attitude has been integral in holding us together in times of victory and defeat. We have learned to win with confident poise and lose with humble acknowledgement.”
Ryan S. Fischer, Grandville
Playing his third season of varsity hockey and also lettered in baseball and two seasons in football. Serving as captain of the hockey team and served as captain of his football team. Named to his hockey team’s leadership council and earned all-league honors as a junior, and earned academic all-league in baseball last spring. Served four years on the student government executive board and is a member of the MHSAA Student Advisory Council. Carries a 4.0 grade-point average and is in his second year of National Honor Society. Serves on the Grandville High School Leadership Team and also serves on his church’s youth leadership council and mission trip and youth group retreat planning teams. Selected to attend the U.S. Military Academy Summer Leadership Experience and the U.S. Naval Academy Summer Seminar. Will attend the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and intends to study aerospace engineering.
Essay Quote: “In almost any venture they choose to pursue after high school, students will find themselves in some form of competition. The manner in which they conduct themselves in these situations will have a direct impact on achieving their goals. By applying the principles of sportsmanship ... student athletes will find the success they seek, one handshake at a time.”
Rami Kadouh, Dearborn
Played three years of varsity football, will play his fourth this spring of varsity golf and also played two seasons of subvarsity basketball. Served as captain of both the varsity football and his subvarsity basketball teams, and earned all-league honorable mention and academic all-state in football. Served as his class president all four years of high school, and founded and served as president of his school’s Aspiring Medical Professionals club. Participated in Key Club four years and National Honor Society for two, and also on the city of Dearborn Youth Commission and as president of the Dearborn Rotary Youth Board. Earned national school and individual certification in school-based Enterprise Operations while participating in Distributive Education Clubs of America (DECA). Participated two years on the Center for Arab American Philanthropy Teen Grantmaking Initiative and earned a Sparky Anderson Youth in Philanthropy Award. Will attend the University of Michigan and study cell and molecular biology.
Essay Quote: “When in life it is up to the individual to choose between right and wrong, when it is necessary to tell the truth even if it brings about harsh ramifications, when in every occurrence we must respect and work with one another, it is in these moments essential to life that sportsmanship should and does find its place.”
Cody James McKay, Utica Ford
Played four years of varsity tennis and will play his second season of varsity golf this spring. Served as tennis team captain in the fall and earned all-league honors after being named team Most Valuable Player as a junior. Earned scholar-athlete honors all four years of tennis and anticipates the same for golf as he ranks second in his graduating class with a 4.13 grade-point average. Earned an AP Scholar award and is in his second year in National Honor Society. Participated four years in his school’s Interact Club community service group, including the last two years as president. Served as a Rotary Youth Leadership Awards conference representative in Ontario last spring and ranked among the top 10 students at the Utica Center for Math Science and Technology; also was selected to attend the University of Michigan Engineering Camp. Will attend the University of Michigan and study mechanical engineering.
Essay Quote: “Sportsmanship defines one’s character. Putting others’ feelings before your own selfish interests is the epitome of sportsmanship. ... Throughout my high school athletic career, I worked diligently to show that same respect toward my opponents; playing with integrity and humility, always winning or losing with a positive demeanor. Thankful for the competition, it was my goal to prove to my opponent I was a true gentleman, win or lose.”
Samuel A. Mousigian, Dearborn
Participating in his fourth varsity season of swimming and diving, to go with three varsity cross country seasons, one on the varsity soccer team, and an expected fourth on the track and field team this spring. Served as captain of both the swimming and diving and cross country teams. Qualified for the MHSAA Finals in swimming and cross country, earning all-area honors in both in 2013. Earned all-league honors in cross country three years and was named his team’s Most Valuable Player after both of the last two. Participated in National Honor Society the last two years, including as his chapter’s president, and also is editor of the yearbook that won the Walsworth Award of Excellence in 2012-13. Participated in both student council and Students Against Destructive Decisions. Earned a second place in the Science and Engineering Fair of Metro Detroit. Will attend the University of Michigan and study computer engineering.
Essay Quote: “My disposition and how I treat those around me will be the determining factor of my life’s overall success. For that reason, I’m grateful my athletic experiences have educated me in the value of sportsmanship. Our decisions reflect our character and can always have a lasting impact on those around us.”
Vikram Shanker, Midland Dow
Played four years of varsity tennis, earned all-state honors all four years with four Regional individual championships, two individual MHSAA Finals championships and as part of four MHSAA team champions. Served as team captain the last two seasons. Finished a combined 73-1 the last two seasons and ranks in the MHSAA record book for career and single-season doubles wins and consecutive doubles wins. Named a National Merit Scholarship semifinalist and earned an AP Scholar with Distinction award. Participated in Dow’s student union government four years and as a Mentor Center tutor the last two. Also participated two years on the varsity debate team, including as captain, and four on the school’s DECA team including as treasurer and then president. Expects to complete the highest Student Achievement Testing ranking for piano this year. Participated on regional champion Science Olympiad teams. Undecided on where he will attend college, but will study electrical engineering and computer science.
Essay Quote: “In both life and athletics, we encounter thrilling wins and heartbreaking losses, engage with all types of personalities and persevere through obstacles with hard work, determination and the support of those who are close to us. Sportsmanship provides a moral compass by which to guide our behavior and our demeanor on and off-court.”
Jalal Taleb, Dearborn Heights Crestwood
Played four seasons of varsity soccer and will play his second of varsity golf this spring; also ran two seasons of varsity track and field. Served as soccer captain the last two seasons as the team won District championships to cap both. Ran as part of league champion 3,200-meter relay teams as a freshman and sophomore and medaled at his golf league tournament as a junior; he will serve as captain of the golf team for the second season this spring. Served four years on his school’s student congress including this year as student body president. Participated in National Honor Society for three years and also buildOn for two years. Captained the quiz bowl team the last two years and serves as president of the Spanish Club. Also participates in Students Against Destructive Decisions and his school’s Link Crew board of directors, and was the senate majority leader during his American Legion Boys State conference. Will attend the University of Michigan and study biopsychology, cognition and neuroscience, and Spanish.
Essay Quote: “Honesty, respect, fairness, integrity and openness of the heart are important traits that a sportsman must portray. One who aspires to call himself a sportsman would never perform deception upon others; he should never cheat others and the game he loves.”
Tanner Vincent, Novi
Participating in his fourth season of swimming and diving and is serving as captain for the second season. Qualified for MHSAA Finals in three events in 2013 and four events in 2012, and finished eighth last season in Lower Peninsula Division 1 in the 200-yard individual medley. Holds school record in 100 butterfly. Participating in National Honor Society for the third year including this year as president, and participating in fourth year of Quiz Bowl and also as president this season. Also serves as class vice president. Named a National Merit Scholarship semifinalist and earned an AP Scholar with Distinction award. Volunteered as part of Novi’s city youth soccer program and as leader of his church’s middle school group. Attended the U.S. Air Force summer seminar and will attend the Air Force Academy. Intends to study history with a minor in philosophy before applying to medical schools after finishing his undergraduate programs.
Essay quote: “While sportsmanship is usually applied to acting decently toward an opponent, it has an even greater role within one’s own team. Sportsmanship can either bring a team together to finish the match or win the meet, or drive everyone apart. ... Sportsmanship is the glue which allows teams, especially on the high school level, to provide a place in which everyone can contribute.”
Other Class A girls finalists for the Scholar-Athlete Award were: Saige Tomczak, Bay City Central; Jessica Hacker, Bay City Western; Tatyanna Dadabbo, Bloomfield Hills Marian; Clare Nienstedt, Bloomfield Hills Marian; Tala Taleb, Dearborn Heights Crestwood; Mallory Beswick, Grand Haven; Claire Elise Borchers, Grand Haven; Joslyn Mae TenBrink, Jenison; Jessica Graves, Lowell; Gabrielle Gencheff, Marquette; Fiona B. Shea, Middleville Thornapple Kellogg; Kallisse R. Dent, Midland Dow; Rachel Barrett, Milford; Meghan Datema, Rockford; Molly Peregrine, Traverse City Central; Sarah O'Connor, Waterford Kettering; and Jenna Ciennik, Waterford Mott.
Other Class A boys finalists for the Scholar-Athlete Award were: Stone Manczak, Bay City Central; Zachary Segall, Berkley; Andrew Barton, Birmingham Seaholm; Jared Hagan, Dearborn Heights Crestwood; Brad King, Garden City; Kenneth Elkin, Grosse Pointe North; Chris Kruger, Holt; David Doyle, Linden; Craig Ekstrum, Marquette; David Walter III, Middleville Thornapple Kellogg; Nate Fisher, Midland; Trevor Denoyer, Petoskey; Kellen Scott Michael, South Lyon; Kyle Dotterrer, Traverse City Central; Devin Kimberlin, Walled Lake Northern; Mitchell Dennis, Walled Lake Western; and David J. Walczyk, Walled Lake Western.
The Class C and D scholarship award recipients were announced Feb. 4, and the Class B honorees were announced Feb. 11.
Farm Bureau Insurance, one of Michigan's major insurers, has a statewide force of more than 400 agents serving more than 380,000 Michigan policyholders. Besides providing life, home, auto, farm, business and retirement insurance, the company also sponsors life-saving, real-time Doppler weather tracking systems in several Michigan communities.
The MHSAA is a private, not-for-profit corporation of voluntary membership by more than 1,500 public and private senior high schools and junior high/middle schools which exists to develop common rules for athletic eligibility and competition. No government funds or tax dollars support the MHSAA, which was the first such association nationally to not accept membership dues or tournament entry fees from schools. Member schools which enforce these rules are permitted to participate in MHSAA tournaments, which attract more than 1.4 million spectators each year.