New Math: Division & Multiplication Problems
July 25, 2017
By Jack Roberts
MHSAA Executive Director
This is the second part in a series on MHSAA tournament classification, past and present, that will be published over the next two weeks. This series originally ran in this spring's edition of MHSAA benchmarks.
High school tournament classifications went viral before there was social media and most of us knew what “viral” meant.
Much as a virus infects computers today or has created epidemics of disease around the world for centuries, high school tournament classification – once introduced – tends to spread uncontrollably. Once started, it tends to keep expanding and rarely contracts.
While we are still some distance from providing every team a trophy as a result of expanding high school tournament classification across the country, there is criticism nevertheless that we are headed in that direction – a philosophy which is supposed to exist only in local youth sports for our youngest children.
Michigan could be blamed for all this. Michigan is generally accepted as the first state to provide different classifications for season-ending tournaments for different sized schools. It started a century ago. Today, every state has various classifications for its tournaments in most if not all sports. And it is a bit ironic that Michigan – creator of the classification chaos – more than most other states has kept the number of tournament classes or divisions under control.
Yes, there is evidence that tournament classifications have expanded over the years in Michigan, especially with the relatively recent introduction of tournaments in football and the late 1990s’ move from classes to divisions in most MHSAA tournaments. But the MHSAA Representative Council has held true to its word when it expanded the playoffs for football from four classes to eight divisions: this is needed because of unique factors of football, factors that exist in no other sport; and all other sports should be capped at a maximum of four classes or divisions.
Kentucky is the preeminent defender of single-class basketball. All of its 276 high schools compete for the single state championship for each gender. In Indiana, there are still open wounds from its move in 1998 from one to four classes for its 400 schools in basketball.
Multi-class tournaments have tended to increase the number of non-public school champions, which some states are trying to lower through enrollment “multipliers,” and also tend to increase the number of repeat champions, which some states are trying to affect with “success factors” which lift smaller schools into classifications for larger schools if they take home too many trophies.
While there is considerable evidence that state tournaments do as much bad as good for educational athletics, state associations persist in providing postseason tournaments because, on balance, the experiences are supposed to be good for student-athletes. And once we reach that conclusion it is just a small leap to believe that if the tournaments are good for a few, they must be better for more – which leads to creating more and more tournament classifications. One becomes two classes, then three, then four and so forth.
While the argument is that more classifications or divisions provides more students with opportunities to compete and win, it is undeniable that the experience changes as the number of tournament classifications expands. It is not possible for state associations to provide the same level of support when tournament classifications expand to multiple venues playing simultaneously. For example, there is less audio and video broadcast potential at each venue, and less media coverage to each venue. Focus is diluted and fans diminished at each championship.
No one can argue reasonably that today's two-day MHSAA Football Finals of eight championship games has the same pizazz as the one-day, four-games event conducted prior to 1990.
In some states the number of divisions has grown so much that it is difficult to see much difference between the many season-ending state championship games and a regular-season event in the same sport.
It is a balancing act. And Michigan has been studying that balance longer than any other state, and charting a steadier course than most.
Addition by Division
The shift to Divisions for MHSAA Tournament play in numerous sports has added up to a greater number of champions for teams and individuals across the state. Following are the sports currently employing a divisional format, and the procedures for determining enrollment and classification.
In 23 statewide or Lower Peninsula tournaments, schools which sponsor the sport are currently divided into nearly equal divisions. They are:
- Baseball - 4 Divisions
- Boys Bowling - 4 Divisions
- Girls Bowling - 4 Divisions
- Girls Competitive Cheer - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Cross Country - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Cross Country - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Golf - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Golf - 4 Divisions
- Ice Hockey - 3 Divisions
- Boys Lacrosse - 2 Divisions
- Girls Lacrosse - 2 Divisions
- Boys Skiing - 2 Divisions
- Girls Skiing - 2 Divisions
- LP Boys Soccer - 4 Divisions LP
- Girls Soccer - 4 Divisions
- Girls Softball - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Swimming & Diving - 3 Divisions
- LP Girls Swimming & Diving - 3 Divisions
- LP Boys Tennis - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Tennis - 4 Divisions
- LP Boys Track & Field - 4 Divisions
- LP Girls Track & Field - 4 Divisions
- Wrestling - 4 Divisions
Lists of schools for each division of these 23 tournaments are posted on MHSAA.com approximately April 1. Listings of schools in Upper Peninsula tournaments for their sports are also posted on MHSAA.com. The lists are based on school memberships and sports sponsorships in effect or anticipated for the following school year, as known to the MHSAA office as of a date in early March.
In football, the 256 schools which qualify for MHSAA 11-player playoffs are placed in eight equal divisions annually on Selection Sunday. Beginning in 2017, the 8-player divisions will be determined in a like manner on Selection Sunday as well, with 32 qualifying schools placed in two divisions.
Schools have the option to play in any higher division in one or more sports for a minimum of two years.
The deadlines for "opt-ups" are as follows:
- Applications for fall sports must be submitted by April 15
- Applications for winter sports must be submitted by Aug. 15
- Applications for spring sports must be submitted by Oct. 15
Subsequent to the date of these postings for these tournaments, no school will have its division raised or lowered by schools opening or closing, schools adding or dropping sports, schools exercising the option to play in a higher division, or approval or dissolution of cooperative programs.
When the same sport is conducted for boys and girls in the same season (e.g., track & field and cross country), the gender that has the most sponsoring schools controls the division breaks for both genders.
Dunfield Climbing Fenton's Record Board, Rankings of State's Distance Elite
By
Paul Costanzo
Special for MHSAA.com
October 1, 2025
Breaking the record of a program legend was an emotional moment for Katie Dunfield.
The Fenton junior had long looked up to Gracie Olsen, a six-time MHSAA Finals champion, so knocking her name off the school record board for the 500-yard freestyle was something she did not take for granted.
At the same time, it served as further motivation.
“I guess it just put into perspective that I know I can do it now,” Dunfield said. “Not that I’m going to settle. Now that I see my name on the board, I have to do whatever I can to post faster times so my name can be up there for longer. I’m less than a second off the pool record (in the 200 freestyle), so that’s my next goal – to get up there for that pool record.”
Dunfield has swum some of the fastest times in the state this year in the 200 and 500 as she moves toward becoming the next Fenton swimming superstar.
Her time of 4 minutes, 58.41 seconds at the Genesee County Invitational broke Olsen’s pool and program records. She also swam 1:51.22 in the 200, which broke Olsen’s meet record.
Both of those times are the fastest in Division 2 this year, and only West Bloomfield’s Elizabeth Eichbrecht – who has won Division 1 titles in those events each of the past three years – is ahead of her statewide.
“I completely and utterly surprised myself,” Dunfield said. “I don’t know what happened, actually. We didn’t taper at all. I remember going into that meet, I just wanted to win. When I look at that board and see what I posted, that’s not just me, that’s my team giving me the energy and confidence that I could do it.”
While the quickness with which she hit the marks may have been a surprise, the fact Dunfield is putting herself among the state’s best is not.
She placed eighth in the 200 freestyle at the Division 2 Finals as a freshman, and has won multiple state titles as a club swimmer, including a Michigan Age Group Championships championship when she was 14.
“Having coached Katie and been involved with Katie since she was 8 years old, I’ve always kind of known or suspected what Katie is capable of,” Fenton coach Brad Jones said. “She’s training right now to pretty much surpass all the things we thought were possible. Katie is just, physically, incredibly strong. She has the mentality that we had with Grace, that we had with Tess (Heavner), where Katie doesn’t like to lose. Whether it’s practice, a meet – big meet, little meet, best event, worst event – she’s a competitor. Those are the kids that usually end up setting themselves apart.”
Dunfield came into the season with the goal of swimming 4:58 in the 500 and 1:51 in the 200. She’s adjusted those now, in light of her recent performance, but it’s hard to tell how low to go.
“That’s the scary question,” Jones said. “We are training really hard right now. We didn’t rest for the county meet, so for here to get in on one day rest and hit times like that, we’re very excited. I hate to put limits on anybody, and the way she’s training right now, she definitely can end up near the top of the state in the (200 and 500 freestyle). There’s a really talented junior class right now across the state. It’s going to be fun to watch her at the end of the season when she has to race.”
For now, Dunfield is racing herself in those events, with which she’s OK.
“I’m very good at racing myself,” she said. “I can tell how fast I am based on the strokes I’m taking. I’ve been swimming for 11 years, so it’s kind of something that I’ve adapted to. Me and Jones have really been working this year on stroke counting. He’s started doing a thing where he won’t tell me what my time is, but he asks me what I think it was. I used to be way off, but I’ve gotten pretty good at it.”
That’s just a piece of the mental training Dunfield is incorporating into her physical training this fall.
“I know that I’m so close to staying at the top, so every single practice when I talk to my coach he explains why I’m doing this to get better, and that it doesn’t matter if it hurts, it doesn’t matter if I fail, because if I fail, I get better,” Dunfield said. “That’s made it easier on me, mentally, because I’m not feeling the pressure that I need to do everything perfect.”
As she works toward those new time goals, Dunfield is also taking her time working through the college recruiting process. She said she’s not in a hurry to make a commitment, but schools have been in contact, and she’s contacted some others.
She’s also preparing for the Lower Peninsula Division 2 Finals on Nov. 21 and 22 at Eastern Michigan University. While she’s currently the division’s fastest swimmer in the 200 and 500 freestyle, in her way are Ann Arbor Skyline’s Adrienne Schadler and Farmington Hills Mercy’s Ella Hafner, who finished first and second, respectively, in both events last year.
“I want to get top three,” Dunfield said. “I want to be more successful than I was freshman year. I got eighth, which is good for a freshman, but I want to be able to get higher. I want either second or third in the 500 or 200. First place would be amazing, but I like to be realistic with myself. I know I can finish in the top three.”
Paul Costanzo served as a sportswriter at The Port Huron Times Herald from 2006-15, including three years as lead sportswriter, and prior to that as sports editor at the Hillsdale Daily News from 2005-06. He can be reached at [email protected] with story ideas for Genesee, Lapeer, St. Clair, Sanilac, Huron, Tuscola, Saginaw, Bay, Arenac, Midland and Gladwin counties.
PHOTOS (Top) Fenton’s Katie Dunfield takes a photo with her addition to her school’s swim record board. (Middle) Dunfield holds up her medal after being announced as winner of the 200 freestyle at the Genesee County Invitational. (Photos courtesy of Katie Dunfield.)